Winter Weather Terminologies

Winter Weather Terminologies The terms winter tempests and blizzards may mean generally something very similar, however notice a word like snowstorm, and it passes on far beyond only a tempest with day off. Heres a glance at the whirlwind of winter climate terms you may hear in your gauge, and what each means.â Snowstorms Snowstorms are risky winter storms whose blowing day off high breezes lead to low perceivability and white out conditions. While overwhelming snowfall regularly happens with snowstorms it isnt required. Actually, if solid breezes get snow that is as of now fallen this would be considered as a snowstorm (a ground snowstorm to be careful.) In request to be viewed as a snowstorm, a blizzard must have: substantial day off blowing day off, of 35 mph or more, and a perceivability of 1/4 mile or less, all going on for at any rate 3 hours. Ice Storms Another sort of perilous winter storm is the ice storm. Since the heaviness of ice (freezing precipitation and hail) can down trees and electrical cables, it doesnt take quite a bit of it to deaden a city. Collections of simply 0.25 crawls to 0.5 inches are viewed as huge, with aggregations over 0.5 inches considered as devastating. (Simply 0.5 creeps of ice on electrical cables can signify 500 pounds of additional weight!) Ice storms are likewise very risky to drivers and people on foot. Scaffolds and bridges are particularly risky when going since they freeze before different surfaces. Lake Effect Snow Lake impact snow happens when cool, dry air moves over an enormous warm waterway, (for example, one of the Great Lakes) and gets dampness and warmth. Lake impact snow is known for delivering substantial eruptions of snow showers known as snow gusts, which drop a few crawls of snowfall for each hour. Noreasters Named for their breezes which blow from the upper east, noreasters are low weight frameworks that carry substantial downpour and snow toward the East Coast of North America. Albeit a genuine noreaster can happen whenever of the year, theyre generally furious in the winter and spring and can regularly be solid to the point that they trigger snowstorms and thundersnow. How hard is it snowing? Like precipitation, there are various terms used to portray snowfall relying upon how quick or strongly it is falling. These include: Snow Flurries: Flurries are characterized as light snow falling for a brief term. They can likewise be little snowflakes succumbing to longer timeframes. The most gathering that can be normal is a light cleaning of snow.Snow Showers: When snow is falling at different powers for brief timeframes, we call it snow showers. Some amassing is conceivable, yet not guaranteed.Snow Squalls: Often, brief yet extraordinary snow showers will be joined by solid, breezy breezes. These are alluded to as snow gusts. Amassing might be significant.Blowing Snow: Blowing snow is another winter danger. High wind velocities can blow falling snow into practically level groups. Furthermore, lighter snows on the ground might be gotten and redistributed by the breeze causing decreased perceivability, white out conditions, and snow floats. Altered by Tiffany Means

Pneumothorax an Abnormal Collection of Air in the Pleural Space

Question: Examine About Pneumothorax An Abnormal Collection Of Air In The Pleural Space? Answer: Presentation Pneumothorax is an anomalous assortment of air in the pleural space, causing an uncoupling of the lung from the chest divider. It prompts falling of lungs. As the degree of air in the space among lung and chest divider builds, the weight against lung likewise expands, which makes the lungs breakdown. There are a few reasons, which may prompts pneumothorax. Accordingly, it is critical to recognize the reason for the ailment alongside the pathophysiology (Volpicelli 2011). In this paper, the center is Leigh Richards, whose little girl has to know the pathophysiology of pneumothorax and the justification for the accessible pharmacology of the turmoil. In this manner, the exposition would incorporate the depiction of pathophysiology of the case persistent, for example the job of UWSD addition, signs and manifestations of pneumothorax and its impacts on cardiovascular and respiratory framework. Pathopysiology of pneumothorax Pneumothorax is the condition with the nearness of gas inside the pleural space. Typically, lungs are completely aggravated inside the hole as the alveolar weight is more noteworthy than the intrapleural pressure, while the intrapleural pressure is not exactly the air pressure. Rather than low weight in the pleural space air can't enter it because of the nonattendance of air-containing entry and the weight of gases in the circulation system is low to strongly go into the pleural space. Consequently, if air is permitted to enter, by means of harmed chest divider or disabled lung or because of gas delivering microorganisms present in the pleural space, pneumothorax can just create (Grundy et al. 2012). Endless supply of a connection between pleural space and alveolus or inside air and pleural space, gases follow the weight slope and streams into the pleural space, until the weight angle vanishes or the irregular correspondence is have been fixed. At the point when the condition creates , as the thoracic cavity is normally underneath the resting volume and lung is over its resting volume, lung decreases and thoracic hole amplifies. In minority of cases the air volume inside the chest increments, when a single direction valve is created by a region of harmed tissue, which creates strain pneumothorax. This condition is alluded to a health related crisis and happens when a he intrapleural pressure goes past the environmental weight, particularly at the hour of termination, because of a ball valve instrument, which impacts the motivation collection of pleural gases. The advancement of weight inside pleural space results in hypoxaemia and prompts respiratory breakdown because of pressure of lung. The body make up for the condition by expanding respiratory rate and tidal volume, subsequently compounding the issue. This ailment is caused because of a consistently exacerbating oxygen lack alongside low circulatory strain (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition may likewise prompt demise by hypoxia and respiratory capture, if not oversaw appropriately. In any case, in extremely uncommon cases, both of the lungs get influenced by a pneumothorax, the condition known as atelectasis or fallen lung. The essential pneumothorax is the condition happening without evident reason, without noteworthy lung sickness, while the auxiliary pneumothorax is alluded to the condition when the other lung illnesses are available. The harm to chest divider can emerge because of injury to chest divider like cut or projectile injuries. In optional unconstrained pneumothoraces, an assorted scope of illness procedure can prompt vulnerabilities in the lung tissue by breaking of bullae in instances of extreme emphysema (Zarogoulidis et al. 2014). The territories, where the putrefaction happens may encourage pneumothorax. From numerous years it has been imagined that little air documented sores under pleural surface, which are known as blebs, are contributing in expanding the danger of pneumothorax. Pharmacology of pneumothorax Quick needle decompression should be possible for pressure pneumothoraces. Constant checking with normal X-beam for essential unconstrained pneumothoraces can likewise be a huge treatment. In any case, submerged seal waste has a high potential to determine the movement towards optional unconstrained pneumothorax advancement (Nelson et al. 2013). UWSD and impacts A submerged seal and chest tube, which is otherwise called chest channel, thoracic catheter, intercostals channel or thoracostomy, is an empty, fexible and long cylinder, which is embedded through the chest divider inside ribs and into the pleural space or mediastinum. This procedure is utilized for evacuating air, if there should be an occurrence of pneumothorax from the intrathoracic space. It is a canister gadget, utilized for gathering chest waste (Roberts et al. 2015). This seepage canister utilizes three chambers, in light of three jug framework. The main chamber gathers the liquid from chest. The subsequent chamber assumes the job of a water seal, going about as one way valve that permits the gases to excape, rather than permitting gases to reappear chest. The third chamber is the pull control chamber. The water stature in the chamber controls the negative weight on the framework. Chest depletes for the most part stays in as long as the air stays in the pleural space. Leigh Richard will experience an ordinary chest X-beam to screen the advancement in recuperation of the heath issue. There might be complexities, related with chest seepage; minor issues incorporate wounding, nervousness, breathing brevity and hack. In any case, significant entanglements like dying, contamination, re-development pneumonic edema, injury to liver, spleen or stomach may occur, however the recurrence is low. Inappropriatee the executives can likewise cause thoracic aorta and heart injury. Chest tube obstructing is the most well-known complexity, brought about by clots arrangement inside the chest tube (Brown et al. 2014). The procedure can be utilized for different conditions like pleural emission, alluded to the condition identified with collection of liquid in pleural space. The procedure is pivotal for stop the improvement of strain pneumothorax, as strain pneumothorax is the cond ition, which is the consequence of dynamic increment in intrapleural strain to such levels that become positive all through the respiratory cycle and crumples the lung, moves the mediastinum just as hinders venous come back to the heart. In this way, untreated essential pneumothorax can prompt strain pneumothorax (Puri and Dingemann 2011). This condition, whenever treated with UWSD, can reestablish the past typical lung structure and lessen the opportunity of efficient hypotension, respiratory and heart failure. Impact on respiratory and cardiovascular framework If there should arise an occurrence of strain pneumothorax, as the weight of gas increments inside the pleural space, the ipsilateral lung breakdown, prompting hypoxia. Untreated condition prompts the move of mediastinum towards the contralateral side and encroaches on and packs both the contralateral lung and disables the venous return towards the correct chamber. The impact is hypoxia, demonstrating that there is lack of wind stream through airtubes, prompting perished venous return because of pressure of the generally flimsy dividers of the atria, weakening the heart work (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition is trailed by crimping of the sub-par vena cava, which has been shown as the underlying advance in blood stream limitation towards heart. This sorts of circumstance has been distinguished in numerous in injury patients, who are hypovolemic with decreased venous blood coming back to the heart. In this manner, the above results of strain pneumothorax showed that the condi tion, whenever left untreated, can quickly advance towards respiratory deficiency, heart failure or cardiovascular breakdown, which thus prompts demise. Subsequently, the above conversation in regards with the impact of pneumthorax on both respiratory and cardiovascular framework would be useful for Leigh Richards little girl to comprehend from the nursing points of view. Signs/Symptoms The indications are reliant upon the size of pneumothorax. In the mellow cases, the side effects are not appropriately felt or comprehended. Nonetheless, in extreme cases quick manifestations may produce, prompting stun. Side effects of pneumothorax for the most part incorporate abrupt beginning of uneven, sharp chest torment alongside breathing brevity. Brevity of breath or dyspnea might be mellow or extreme, seriousness of which relies on how much the lung is crumpled. These abrupt indications can be compounded with changes in elevations like flying high in plane or going submerged or underground (Volpicelli 2011). Breathing brevity or hypoxia is the indication of low wind stream through the air tube, which is the aftereffect of respiratory capture, though hypotension is the sign of heart inadequacy of legitimate blood move through the veins. The physical discoveries comprise of missing material fremitus, hyperresonance to percussion alongside diminished breath sounds on the influe nced side. Hypotension can likewise be a sign, if the pneumothorax is huge and the influenced side is amplified, which makes the move of trachea the contrary side. End Taking everything into account, it tends to be said that pneumothorax is a noteworthy respiratory issue, which ought to be analyzed when the patient encounters obvious signs and indications. It is on the grounds that, the issue can quickly advance towards the compounding of the condition, which might be non-treatable and may prompted lethal outcomes. In this exposition, Leigh Richards contextual investigation was engaged, where his little girl, the subsequent year nursing understudy endeavors to comprehend the outcomes of the condition and job of UWSD. The paper exhibited the signs and manifestations, pathophysiology, pharmacology of UWSD too the impacts of the issue on both respiratory and cardiovascular framework. Reference List Earthy colored, S.G.A., Ball, E.L., Macdonald, S.P.J., Wright, C. furthermore, McD Taylor, D., 2014. Unconstrained pneumothorax; a multicentre review analysi

Snow!

Snow! All around North America, its been a pretty snowless winter. Some people are excited by that, because the cold, bleak winter is a tough time for them and the less snow, the more they can deny winter exists. For me though, its tragic. Snow is one of my favorite things, and winter is probably my favorite season. Im just not built for the beaches and heat. Sunburns suck, sand doesnt do it for me, and the heat is just tougher for me to handle. The cold though, especially up in the mountains, is invigorating. The hush, the electric cold tingling your lungs with every breath; soft fluffy powder (you NE folks will just have to imagine what I mean) and vistas unrivalled. Yes, I was meant for the mountains. So imagine my disappointment when Im eagerly waiting for a huge storm to blow in, skis in hand, and it never happens. After the massive amounts of snow we had around here last year, it was torture. I had resigned that  this would be the year we had no winter. And for a long time, it looked like I would be right. We in the outdoors club even called off our Winter Circus trip this weekend because, well, it didnt look like there was going to be any winter! But if theres one thing to describe Bostons weather more than terrible (no offense New England, just not my scene), its weird. And weirdly enough, on the first day of March we had our first big-ish snowstorm. Of course now school is in full swing and Im running full-tilt to try and get things done to graduate in June (eeep! real world! yikes!) so theres no way I can sneak off to the mountains for a few runs. Grumble grumble. Of course all things in due time, and maybe next year when I have a real-ish job I can spend more time out in the mountains that I love. Heck, if I could do that for my job, thatd be a dream come true. I cant imagine an engineering position that would be more fulfilling to me right now than designing climbing and ski gear for someone like Black Diamond, who is based out of Salt Lake City a.k.a Park City UT. Fingers crossed. But since I wont be out and enjoying the slopes this weekend and thus not transferring that experience to you vicariously, youll have to make due with this video I made but never got around to posting from the end of IAP: Snow! I returned back to campus on December 29th, and as the Amtrak approached Boston South Station, I spotted snow on the tracks! As I stepped off the train, I was greeted by a gulf of freezing wind. I mean literally freezing. I took the T to Kendall, and after exiting the station, I realized that it would probably be in my best interest to take the tunnels instead of freezing and trying to make my way through snow-covered sidewalks. I had yet to master the tunnels and navigate through them on my own, so this was going to be one interesting adventure. I had been down in the tunnels with friends a few times before, but as a directionally-challenged person (read: I can still get lost with Google Maps), I wouldnt trust myself to find my way on my own. Thankfully, though, there were a few signs leading the way to main campus. But there werent always directional signs. Some hallways and walls looked somewhat familiar, though, so I trusted my intuition and hoped for the best. I made some wrong turns that lead to dead ends, but I somehow managed to find my way back to the main path. And somehow I made it to the other side of campus. Somehow. But as I exited Lobby 7 and headed towards Burton Conner, I reached another dead end where the cleared walking path suddenly just ended. I backtracked a bit until I found a detour to the road and walked along the street instead. But I eventually did make it back to my dormand, most importantly, in one piece. I immediately crashed when I got back. Snow is stressful. The next morning, I felt adventurous and decided to explore a snow-blanketed MIT with my camera. I dug out all my snow and winter gear and bundled up from head to toe. Here are some shots: Ready for some exploring.   Burton Conner from the Memorial Drive entrance, featuring some snow.   Walking/running path along the Charles River.   A foggy Boston skyline. Kresge Auditorium. Hayden Library.   A quote I found in front of Hayden that I had not seen before which reads: I am firmly convinced that the future of this nation and of the world for that matter depends in no small part upon the young men of the United States and that if they receive proper training in boyhood and youth through education, mental recreation, wholesome educational entertainment and coordinated physical training and more than all if in addition they be fostered and encouraged in the matter of right and proper living and the principles thereof properly inculcated to the end that they may be kept from evil environments and guarded against baneful influences, we shall rear a nobler race of men who will make better and more enlightened citizens to the ultimate benefit of mankind. Charles Hayden, 19 August 1933. Green Building. Outside Building 6. Pano of North Court. Killian Court (and, as always, construction in the background).   Building 7/Little Dome. The next evening it snowed ever so slightly, just light snowfall. But then in the next few nights the snow started to gradually melt away. As of right now, there isnt much snow cover left, but its still pretty cold. On Tuesday, it literally reached single digits (in Fahrenheit). I stayed mostly indoors the entire day. Now, its back in the 30s and 40s. Apparently on Sunday it might reach 55 degrees. And then itll probably get cold again, and then who knows. Like is it winter or is it not? Side note: Congrats to yall who applied RA! Its crazy to think that I had submitted my MIT app just one year ago. Best of luck, and, in the meantime, enjoy your last semester of high school and keep on being your awesome selves!

One the Nose Cyrano de Bergeracs Comedic Monologue

Edmond Rostands  play, Cyrano de Bergerac, was written in 1897 and set in France in the 1640s. The play revolves around a love triangle that involves Cyrano de Bergerac, a multi-talented cadet who is a skilled duelist and a poet but has an unusually large nose. Cyranos nose separates him from everyone else in the play physically and also symbolizes his uniqueness.   In Act One, Scene 4, our romantic hero is at the theater. He has just bullied a blustering actor off of the stage as well as an audience member. Considering him a nuisance, a wealthy and haughty viscount goes up to Cyrano and declares, Sir, you have a very big nose! Cyrano is unimpressed with the insult and follows up with a monologue of far wittier insults about his own nose. Cyranos humorous monologue about his nose is a crowd-pleaser and an important piece of character development, lets delve into it.   Summary Unphased by a viscount poking fun at his nose, Cyrano points out that the viscounts remarks were unimaginative and sarcastically tries to help him by making fun of his own nose in a variety of tones. For example: Aggressive: Sir, if I had a nose like that, I would amputate it! Friendly: When you sup it must annoy you, dipping in your cup. You need a drinking-bowl of a special shape! Curious: What is that large container for? To hold your pens and ink? Gracious: How kind you are. You love the little birds so much you have given them a perch to roost upon. Considerate: Be careful when you bow your head or you might lose your balance and fall over. Dramatic: When it bleeds, the Red Sea. And the list goes on and on. Cyrano makes it dramatically extensive to prove how unoriginal the viscount is compared to himself. To really drive it home, Cyrano ends the monologue by saying the viscount could have made fun of Cyrano is so many different ways, but unfortunately, youre totally witless and a man of very few letters. Analysis To understand the importance of this monologue, some plot background is needed. Cyrano is in love with Roxane, a beautiful and smart woman. Although he is a confident extrovert, Cyranos one source of doubt is his nose. He believes his nose prevents him from being seen as handsome by any woman, especially Roxane. This is why Cyrano is not upfront with Roxane about how he feels, which leads to a love triangle that is the basis on the play. In making fun of his own nose with a monologue, Cyrano acknowledges that his nose is his Achilles heel, while at the same time establishing his talent for wit and poetry as incomparable to others. In the end, his intellect outshines his physical appearance.

Judges On Trial A Reexamination Of Judicial Race And...

Judges on Trial: A Reexamination of Judicial Race and Gender Effects Across Modes of Conviction By Brian D. Johnson Purpose: The purpose of the article is to examine the issues with data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing that has been strengthened to include information on sentencing judges and criminal court contexts, and it argues that the mode of conviction shapes the focus of sentencing discretion in ways that systematically underestimate judge effects for pooled estimates of incarceration and sentence length (Johnson, p. 159). Research that focuses on the effects of judicial background characteristics suggest minimal influence based on race or gender of the sentencing judge in criminal cases. The possibilities†¦show more content†¦The PCS identifies collect information on all misdemeanors and felonies sentenced in the state of Pennsylvania. The PCS data is state-level resource for studying criminal sentencing. It contains a variety of theoretically important individual level predictors of sentencing. The offense severity and prior criminal history, as well as various offend er characteristics like age, race/ethnicity, and gender. Detailed information is available that identifies if an offender pleads guilty, negotiated a plea, or was convicted at bench or jury trial. Second, the Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines that were enacted in 1982, are the oldest presumptive guidelines in operation. Results: Statistics based each level of analysis identifies predictors disaggregated by mode of conviction. Usually the offender is a white male in his early thirties who is convicted though a negotiated guilty plea. There were limited differences between offenders who negotiate a plea deal and those who plead guilty. Offenders who go to trial showed some similarities. They were either charged with more serious crimes, had longer prior records, and are disproportionately male, black and Hispanic. These individualShow MoreRelatedMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages(A) in the case of a State in which a quali- 4 fied high-risk pool (as defined under section 5 2744(c)(2) of the Public Health Service Act) 6 was in effect as of July 1, 2009, the Secretary 7 shall require the State make a maintenance of 8 effort payment each year that the high-risk pool 9 is in effect equal to an amount not less than the 10 amount of all sources of funding for high-risk 11 pool coverage made by that State in the year 12 ending July

Hybrid Technology Of Biomass And Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Energy is the ultimate factor responsible for both industrial and agricultural development. The usage of renewable energy engineering to run into the energy demands has been steadily increasing for the past few old ages. However the of import drawbacks associated with renewable energy systems are their inability to vouch dependability and they are thin in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid Technology Of Biomass And Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Import of crude oil merchandises constitutes a major drain on our foreign exchange modesty. Renewable beginnings are considered to be the better option to run into these challenges. The use of renewable energy resources becomes really of import particularly for the rural and distant countries where entree to run into the demand. Renewable energy resources such as solar thermal, air current, hydro, geothermic, biomass and ocean thermal can play a important function in supplying energy demands every bit good as prolonging the environment resources. India, a state with a population of about 1.1 billion people, has still a comparatively low per capita energy ingestion of 260 kilogram of oil equivalent in 1998. But the commercial energy ingestion in India has been increasing at an one-year growing rate of 6.5 % between 1995 and 2005, a growing rate that is much higher than in any industrialised state. Due to the increased per capita electricity demand, a population turning at a rate of 1.8 % and an increased commercialisation and industrialisation, the turning demand for electricity outpaces the generating and capacity add-on, taking to a demand and supply spread. It is estimated that the demand and supply spread is about 8 % for the base energy deficit, whereas in extremum hours the demand is 30 % higher than the supply. As the energy demand is expected to go on to turn in the hereafter, the necessity of an enlargement of the power bring forthing capacity at an accelerated velocity seems to be inevitable. Otherwise, if the energy demand can non be satisfied, India could confront serious negative economic effects. Chapter 2 Aim OF THE PAPER The usage of renewable energy engineering to run into the energy demands has been steadily increasing for the past few old ages. However the of import drawbacks associated with renewable energy systems are their inability to vouch dependability and they are thin in nature At present in Tamilnadu the capacity of air current energy installed is 3800MW, but the generated capacity is 1700 MW. It is chiefly due to seasonal fluctuation of air current. The usage of biomass for power coevals gained impulse and tonss of promotional strategies have been introduced by the authorities for solar energy. The aim of the present undertaking is to use the biomass and solar energy in combination with the air current energy to supply guaranteed auxiliary energy with conventional power coevals. Chapter 3 HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM Hybrid energy system produces power from more than one bring forthing beginning such as wind-driven turbines and solar panels, biomass works and hydro turbine. The system shops extra power in battery storage units, and could be configured besides to utilize power from the local electric power grid when the modesty power storage ( batteries ) is low. The systems provide the right combination of biomass and solar energy coevals and system constituents. These systems take the conjecture work out of choosing and put ining a renewable energy coevals because every system should be tailored to run into the power coevals demands of the specific energy resources available at the specific site. The energy demand in the development parts is an indispensable job for economic development in a figure of states. This applies to the developed and developing states. Normally, these parts are short in energy resource and are chiefly depending on the renewable energy resources. A individual, energy resource is non normally justified to run into the demand for sufficient energy production. In this regard the loanblend system has proved to offer the possible possibility for energy production from different energy production systems. Puting together several energy systems is the possible option for run intoing the demand for energy in the part and is a promising energy scheme in many states. Chapter 4 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA: STATUS AND POTENTIAL 4.1 Introduction India had a population of 1.1 billion and a Gross Domestic Product of 33 trillion Rupees ( 728 billion US $ ) in 2006. A dissolution of India ‘s primary commercial energy shows that more than 80 % is supplied from fossil fuels. If we besides consider traditional fuels and biomass, India ‘s entire primary energy ingestion was about 20 EJ in 2004-2005 ( an norm of 18 GJ/capita/year ) . Fig. 3.1 shows the portion of different energy beginnings in India ‘s primary energy supply. Fossil fuels account for approximately 64 % of the entire primary energy while traditional biomass histories for approximately 33 % of the sum. Fig.3.1 Primary Energy Production in India India histories for 17 % of the universe ‘s population but merely 4 % of the universe ‘s primary energy ingestion. Modern renewable history for a little part of the entire energy mix. India is one of the lone states in the universe that has a separate Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) , earlier known as the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources. In position of the scarce dodo fuel militias, energy security and clime alteration concerns it is expected that renewable energy will play a important function in India ‘s future energy mix. Fig. 3.2 provides an overview of the different renewable energy beginnings. Fig.3.2 Schematic of Renewable Energy Options 4.2 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY The geothermic resources in India have non been exploited commercially for heat or power coevals. The geothermic resources have been mapped and the Geological Survey of India estimates the possible to be of the order of 10,000MW ( vitamin E ) . Most of the current use of geothermic energy is for direct usage for bathing and swimming. It estimates an installed capacity of 203MW ( thermal ) with an one-year energy usage of 1607 TJ/year and a capacity factor of 25 % . It is expected that the geothermic beginnings can be used for low class warming and direct use in the nutrient processing industry. 4.3 Ocean thermic energy transition ( OTEC ) An OTEC works was attempted off the seashore of Tamil Nadu ( 60 kilometers off Tuticorin ) by the National Institute of Ocean Technology ( NIOT ) with a gross coevals capacity of 1MW ( net power 500 kilowatt ) . This is the universe ‘s first natation works. The constituents were tested nevertheless there was a job in set uping the kilometre long high denseness Poly Ethylene grapevine. This undertaking has been abandoned. NIOT ‘s scheme seems now to match the OTEC works with the cold H2O shrieking being installed for desalinization. 4.4 Wave energy India has experimented with a 150-kW moving ridge energy system at Thiruvananthapuram ( Kerala ) in 1983. The system mean end product was 25 kilowatt during December-March and 75 kilowatt during April- November in 1983. The mean wave potency along the Indian seashore is around 5-10 kW/m. India has a coastline of about 7500 kilometer. Even a 10 % use would intend a resource of 3750- 7500MW. However though paradigms have been built and some operating experience obtained, this is non yet a commercially available engineering. A moving ridge energy works installed by NIOT presently yields 6-7 kilowatts to bring forth 7000-8000 liters of desalinated H2O per twenty-four hours. Chapter 5 AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGY Biomass for energy has to vie with other biomass merchandises. The major usage of biomass is in the domestic sector, for cookery and for heating bath H2O, in industries and in constitutions. At the national degree, 51 % of families use fuel wood for cooking.Estimates of fuel wood used for cooking scope from 93 to 309 Mt yearly. Though biomass is besides used for heating bath H2O, it is most frequently non in surveies and histories for merely 3.6 % of the family energy ingestion as compared to cooking which histories for 88 % . Harmonizing to a national study, 35 % of the families in urban countries use fuel wood, and its usage in the urban domestic sector is about 30 Mt. Biomass is besides used in the industry of building stuffs such as bricks, tiles and calcium hydroxide, and in agro-processing such as in the hardening of baccy, readying of spices and petroleum sugar, etc. The usage of lumber in the lodging industry in India is non important and histories for less than 5 % of the entire usage of fuel wood. The usage of biomass in constitutions in urban countries is estimated to be 10 Mt yearly. In the rural sector, cooking energy demand could be met from the biogas potency of cattle droppings ; the foliage biomass from dedicated energy plantations and harvest residues can well cut down or even extinguish the usage of fuel wood. The fuel wood saved from cookery could be made available for power coevals for illuming and shaft-power applications, taking to the preservation of fossil fuels and to cut down imp orts. By 2010, fuel wood and wood coal ingestion will account for 80 % of the unit of ammunition wood production in India, while industrial unit of ammunition wood and sawn-wood will account for 10.5 % and 9.5 % severally. Non-energy biomass use is limited in India and the major usage of biomass is for cooking. Hence, the biomass from dedicated energy plantations can be to the full utilised for electricity coevals intents without noteworthy competition from other utilizations of biomass. It is assumed that 43 Mha of land is available for biomass production in India under S2 and, in add-on, the present unit of ammunition wood production continues. Conservative productiveness degrees under S2 are considered for biomass production. By 2010, the wood produced from the plantations on these lands will be considered to run into the fuel wood, industrial and sawn wood demands of the turning population. The first precedence of plantation forestry is to run into these biomass demands. Any excess biomass, after the use of wood for the above terminal uses, could potentially be used for the production of energy. The demand for fuel wood, industrial wood and sawn wood by 2010 is estimated to be 283 Mt, presuming no important fuel wood preservation programmes are implemented. If the unit of ammunition wood production continues at the 1993 degrees, the wood that can be cultivated on the available land will run into the demands of the turning population. Surplus wood can be obtained and utilized for modern biomass energy coevals. By 2010, the possible wood production from the dedicated plantations and the bing biomass beginnings is estimated to be 514 Mt ( Table 4.3 ) . A excess of 231 Mt is estimated to be available for usage as feedstock for energy coevals ( Table 4.3 ) . If steps for conserving fuel wood such as biogas and improved range programmes are implemented, extra biomass would be available as feedstock for bio energy. Chapter 6 POtential of solar thermic power in India To find the possible usage of solar thermic power workss in India, one has to look foremost at the geographical and climatic conditions. India ‘s land surface is about 2,973,000 km2. The one-year planetary solar radiation ranges from 1750 kWh/m2 in the north-eastern portion to over 2350 kWh/m2 in the north-western portion of India. The one-year planetary solar radiation is the most of import parametric quantity to find the suitableness of a part for solar thermic power workss, as it has a major impact on the electricity coevals and, therefore, the energy cost. To ease the computation of the potency of solar power workss in India, the state can be divided into four parts harmonizing to their one-year planetary solar radiation. See table 5.1 S.No Annual solar radiation ( kWh/m2 ) Land Area ( km2 ) 1. A ; lt ; 1900 231.305 2. 1900-2100 2535.058 3. 2100-2300 461.516 4. A ; gt ; 2300 60.150 Table 5.1. Annual Global Solar Radiation in India. The land country with a solar radiation higher than 1900 kWh/m2 is considered as suited for solar thermic power workss. India ‘s land country lies within this scope. Apart from the radiation, the land handiness is an of import stipulation for the building of solar thermic power workss. As India is a really dumbly populated state, agricultural land and woods are non considered for the building of power workss. This land is needed for nutrient and biomass production for the turning population. Therefore, merely barrens are considered as building sites. It is estimated that India has 1.58 million km2 of barrens. Most of the barrens are located in the cardinal portion and the north-western portion of India where the solar radiation is highest. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, with 320,000 km2 of barrens, most of it deserts, and one-year planetary solar radiations of 2100 to more than 2350 kWh/m2, seem to be particularly suited locations. Taking merely 10 % of the barren country as a possible building site for solar thermic power workss, 158,000 km2 still remain. This indicates that land handiness will non be the confining factor in the hereafter. Even if merely solar chimneys, the engineering with the highest land demand, were used, 790 GW could be installed. It is instead the production capacity that limits the coevals of solar thermic electricity on a big graduated table in the close hereafter, as solar thermic power works engineerings are either still in a presentation stage or merely really few workss are in commercial operation. Therefore, the most of import limitation for an increased building of solar thermic power workss in India are fiscal restraints at the minute. Chapter 6 Decision The present scenario in the Renewable energy use has been studied. The range and potency for the use of solar and biomass are analyzed in inside informations. There is great possible for increasing biomass productiveness through the usage of appropriate tree- species mix, genetically superior seting stuff, fertiliser and manure application, dirt and H2O preservation patterns and H2O application in suited locations. One of the executable options for increasing biomass production in developing states such as India is through the acceptance of genetically improved seting stock. Hence, a huge potency in footings of land and productiveness can be realized in India, and this can be utilized for making eco-friendly bioenergy options. Solar energy is the possible solution to run into the energy demand because of its abundant handiness, non pollution, clean and sustainable nature. The solar mission launched by the Government of India to advance solar energy use for warming and power coevals in the state may gives a good beginning for the exponential growing of solar energy use in this state. Since Tamilnadu is holding 40 % of its energy coevals capacity through air current energy which is seasonal in coevals, decidedly requires extra power coevals through biomass and solar to do it more meaningful and efficient manner of renewable energy use. It is planned to carry on a elaborate appraisal for biomass and solar energy possible territory wise in the 2nd stage of this undertaking and a theoretical account will be developed for the better use of the bing air current Millss and the proposed solar and biomass based workss. How to cite Hybrid Technology Of Biomass And Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Technology And Stock Market Essays - Financial Markets, Stock Market

Technology And Stock Market The purpose of this research paper is to prove that technology has been good for the stock market. Thanks to technology, there are now more traders than ever because of the ease of trading online with firms such as Auditrade and Ameritrade. There are also more stocks that are doing well because they are in the technology field. The New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ have both benefitted from the recent technological movement. The NYSE says they "are dedicated to maintaining the most efficient and technologically advanced marketplace in the world." The key to that leadership has been the state-of-the-art technology and systems development. Technology serves to support and enhance the human judgement at point-of-sale. NASDAQ, the world's first fully electronic stock market, started trading on February 8th, 1971. Today, it is the fastest growing stock market in the United States. It alo ranks second among the world's securities in terms of dollar value. By constantly evolving to meet the changing needs of investors and public companies, NASDAQ has achieved more than almost any other market, in a shorter period of time. Technology has also helped investors buy stocks in other markets. Markets used to open at standard local times. This would cause an American trader to sleep through the majority of a Japanese trading day. With more online and afterhours trading, investors have more access to markets so that American traders can still trade Japanese stocks. This is also helped by an expansion of most market times. Afterhours trading is available from most online trading firms. For investing specialists, technology provides operational capability for handling more stocks and greatly increased volumes of trading. Specialists can follow additional sources of market information, and multiple trading and post-trade functions, all on "one screen" at work or at home. They are also given interfaces to "upstairs" risk-management systems. They also have flexiblity to rearrange their physical workspaces, terminals and functional activities. Floor brokers are helped with supports for an industry-wide effort to compare buy/sell contracts for accuracy shortly after the trade. They are also given flexibility in establishing working relationships using the new wireless voice headsets and hand-held data terminals. The ability to provide new and enhanced information services to their trading desks and institutional customers is provided. They have a comprehensive order-management system, that systematizes and tracks all outstanding orders. Technology gives a market's member organizations flexibility in determining how to staff their trading floor operations as well as flexiblity in using that market's provided systems, networks and terminals or interfacing their own technology. They are given assurance that their market will have the systems capacity and trading floor operations to handle daily trading and in billions of shares. Member organizations get faster order handling and associated reports to their customers, along with speedier and enhanced market information. They also have a regulatory environment, which assures member organiztions that their customers, large and small, can trade with confidence. Technology also allows lower costs, despite increasing volumes and enhanced products. Companies listed on the NYSE are provided with an electronic link so they may analyze daily trading in their stock, and compare market performance during various time periods. The technology also supports the visibility of operations and information, and regulated auction-market procedures, which listed companies expect from their"primary" market in support of their capital-raising activities and their shareholder services. Institutions get enhanced information flow from the trading floor, using new wireless technologies, as to pre-opening situations, depth of market, and indications of buy/sell interest by other large traders. Also supported are the fair, orderly, and deeply liquid markets which institutions require in order to allocate the funds they have under management whether placing orders in size for individual stocks (block orders) or executing programs (a series of up to 500 orders usually related to an index). For institutional investors, technology gives information on timely trades and quotes and makes them available through member firms, market data services, cable broadcasts and news media. They also are provided with a very effective way of handling "smaller" orders, giving them communications priority and full auction market participation for "price improvement" yet turning the average market order around in 22 seconds. Price continuitity and narrow quotation spreads, which are under constant market surveillence and a regulatory environment which enforces trading rules designed to protect "small investors" are also supported. There are many different kinds of equipment used on the stock market. One of these machines is SuperDot, an electronic order-routing system through which member firms of the NYSE transmit market and limit orders directly to the trading post where the

7 Ways Entertainment Writers Can Maximize Their Online Presence

7 Ways Entertainment Writers  Can Maximize Their Online Presence Writing a noteworthy feature film or television script is challenging enough, but as an up-and-comer, standing out in a crowded marketplace might be even harder. Tinseltown is chock full of novice scribes angling for a shot at the spotlight, creating fierce competition as everyone jockeys for attention from a limited group of agents, managers, and producers. With all this, it may seem hard to find a good friend in the entertainment business, but the internet can certainly be one if you know how to leverage it. 1. Blogging Creates Belonging A solid first start is creating your own blog or website. Blogger 2. Social Media: No Longer Optional Get on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. But don’t just tweet or post about successes on your personal page. Follow others in your field. Join filmmaking groups. Use the platforms to network with producers, directors and other writers, seek collaborations and work opportunities, share important resources and get invited to events. Yes, it’s difficult to speak highly of yourself in such settings without coming off as pretentious, but until you have an agent or manager doing it for you, the next best thing is to generate the support of an online community who can help 3. Those Mysterious Spec Script Marketplaces Several reputable marketplaces exist where writers can showcase speculative material for potential buyers. Some of the most prominent include Inktip, Spec Scout and The Black List. The former allows you to list any treatment and/or script for a nominal fee while the latter two sell analysis services that result in high-scoring scripts being promoted online. Indie producers seeking affordable and often specific material from writers will check these sites. (Side note: Writer-producers who are seeking financing can also list their projects on Slated if they can get admitted to the site.) ​​​​​​​ 4. A Little Competition Never Hurt Screenplay competitions are a viable way to generate online buzz so long as you perform well in them. The top finishers in well-respected contests like Nicholl, Final Draft, and Scriptapalooza – usually quarterfinalist level and above – will be mentioned on their websites and in various online promotional materials. Script Pipeline, going a step further, offers finalists in their competition both development assistance and online circulation of the material to a network of producers, agents, and managers. 5. All Publicity’s Good Publicity Seek out opportunities for free publicity in online trade magazines, screenwriter blogs, and entertainment podcasts. Find an angle that makes your material or personal story unique and pitch those site proprietors on why they should give you a platform. No good at pitching? Well, you’ll need to work on it because it’s an essential skill for writers in Hollywood. But in the meantime, hire an affordable short-term publicist like October Coast to help you find such opportunities. 6. Shoot Something! Not all online exposure has to be written. Writing for the screen is just the first step in the process of creating a much more layered audio-visual product. Shoot a scene from your script yourself to share on YouTube or Vimeo as a way to show your scripting skills in practice. Better yet, see if you can convince an indie filmmaker to shoot a short or do a web series based on your material. Once you have any sort of produced credit, you can submit to have a profile on IMDB, perhaps the most referenced online resource there is in entertainment. 7. Be Down with the Cause Consider ways your material might be able to attract the attention of partner groups like charities, non-profits or other special interests. For instance, if your script features a lead with autism, you might be able to attract the support of autism foundations that can help provide online exposure for the story. Material that is inspirational, purpose-driven or based on a true-life figure is often the best fit for this. https://www.blogger.com/ https://www.wix.com/ https://www.weebly.com/ https://www.site123.com/ https://www.inktip.com/ https://specscout.com/ https://blcklst.com/ https://www.slated.com/ https://www.oscars.org/nicholl https://www.finaldraft.com/products/bb-contest-info/ https://scriptapalooza.com/ https://scriptpipeline.com/ https://www.octobercoastpr.com/ https://www.imdb.com/

Theodore Dwight Weld

Theodore Dwight Weld Theodore Dwight Weld was one of the most effective organizers of the abolitionist movement in the United States, though he was often overshadowed in his own time. And, partly due to his own aversion to publicity, he has often been overlooked by history. For three decades Weld guided many efforts of the abolitionists. And a book he published in 1839, American Slavery As It Is, influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe as she wrote Uncle Toms Cabin. In the early 1830s Weld organized a highly influential series of debates at Lane Seminary in Ohio and trained abolitionist agents who would spread the word throughout the North. He later became involved on Capitol Hill in advising John Quincy Adams and others in promoting anti-slavery agitation in the House of Representatives. Weld married Angelina Grimkà ©, a South Carolina native who had, along with her sister, become a devoted abolitionist. The couple was very well-known in abolitionist circles, yet Weld exhibited an aversion to public notice.  He generally published his writings anonymously and preferred to exert his influence behind the scenes. In the decades after the Civil War Weld avoided discussions of the proper place of the abolitionists in history. He outlived most of his contemporaries, and when he died at the age of 91 in 1895, he was nearly forgotten. Newspapers mentioned his death in passing, noting that he had known and worked with William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, and other noted abolitionists. Early Life Theodore Dwight Weld was born November 23, 1803, in Hampton, Connecticut. His father was a minister, and the family was descended from a long line of clergymen. During Welds childhood the family moved to western New York State. In the 1820s the traveling evangelist Charles Grandison Finney passed through the countryside, and Weld became a devoted follower of his religious message. Weld entered the Oneida Institute to study to become a minister. He also became very involved in the temperance movement, which at the time was a burgeoning reform movement. A reformist mentor of Weld, Charles Stuart, traveled to England and became involved with the British anti-slavery movement. He wrote back to America, and brought Weld to the anti-slavery cause. Organizing the Abolitionists During this period Weld met Arthur and Lewis Tappan, wealthy New York City merchants who were financing a number of reform movements, including the early abolitionist movement. The Tappans were impressed with Welds intellect and energy, and recruited him to work with them. Weld influenced the Tappan brothers to get involved in the fight against slavery. And in 1831 the philanthropist brothers founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Tappan brothers, at Welds urging, also financed the founding a seminary which would train ministers for settlements in the expanding American West. The new institution, Lane Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, became the site of a highly influential gathering of anti-slavery activists in February 1834. In two weeks of seminars organized by Weld, activists debated the cause of ending slavery. The meetings would resonate for years, as attendees came away deeply committed to the cause. Weld embarked on a program of training abolitionists who could bring converts to the cause in the style of revivalist preachers. And when a campaign of sending abolitionist pamphlets into the South was thwarted, the Tappan Brothers began to see that Welds idea of educating human agents who would carry the abolitionist message. On Capitol Hill In the early 1840s Weld became involved in the political system, which was not the usual course of action for abolitionists. William Lloyd Garrison, for instance, purposely avoided mainstream politics, as the United States Constitution allowed slavery. The strategy pursued by abolitionists was to use the right to petition in the Constitution to send petitions seeking the end of enslavement to the U.S. Congress. Working with former president John Quincy Adams, who was serving as a congressman from Massachusetts, Weld worked as a critical adviser during the petition campaign.   By the mid-1840s, Weld had essentially withdrawn from an active role in the abolitionist movement, yet he continued to write and advise. He had married Angelina Grimke in 1838, and they had three children. The couple taught at a school they founded in New Jersey. Following the Civil War, when memoirs were written and the rightful place of the abolitionists in history was being debated, Weld chose to remain silent. When he died he was mentioned briefly in newspapers, and was remembered as one of the great abolitionists.

Ethnicity and Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethnicity and Nationalism - Essay Example The definition of a nation is distinct from that of a country because it assumes that there is a cultural and historical bond between the people inhabiting a delineated territory. Not only must the citizens of a nation be bound together in terms of government and territory, but they must be united as one because of their cultural links. Nigeria can clearly be defined as a country, however the fragmentation of its culture, especially in recent history, calls its status as a nation into question. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in Western Africa, bordering Benin, Chad, Cameroon and Niger. Its capital city is called Abuja; although its historic capital is Benin City, once called Edo during the years of the Kingdom of Benin. The country is located on the Atlantic Ocean and has benefited from this placement in terms of international trade; currently Nigeria boasts the highest population in all of Africa at more than 140 million people, and it has been hailed by economists as being one of the fastest growing economies in the world (Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2007). In the near future it stands to reason that Nigeria will stand out from other African countries as one of the most successful in terms of trade and finance. Niger Nigeria is comprised of 36 individual states, plus the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) which houses Abuja. See Figure 1 for a map and names of all Nigerian states. The FCT was created from former Niger, Nasarawa and Koji territories, and is located in the centre of the country (Falola 1999, pp.1-5). The environment is varied and encompasses savannah, rainforest and deserts; the country is home to what is believed to be the largest and most diverse selection of butterflies in the world, and the native Drill Monkey is only found wild in Nigeria and Cameroon. The Delta region of the country is used for oil drilling, an industry that is of particular importance to the Nigerian economy. The official language of Nigeria is English, however traditional languages like Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo are publicly recognised and regularly used by many citizens. History Nigeria is located in an ancient part of the world as far as human history is concerned, and archaeological evidence suggests that the area has been inhabited by people since at least 9000 BC. From its early cultural beginnings, the area that now encompasses Nigeria developed one of the most influential and powerful empires in Africa and the world: the Kingdom of Benin. From the 15th to the 19th century, the land which is now the Federal Republic of Nigeria as well as surrounding countries was all incorporated into the Kingdom of Benin, a vast kingdom that held influence over a large part of the African continent and whose cultural traditions still echo in that part of the world today. It was under the rule of the Kingdom of Benin that the modern Nigerian state evolved into one of the most economically viable African countries during the 16th and 17th centuries; this was due largely to the European slave trade and the fact that the Kingdom of Benin was both forceful and powerful in its dealings with neighbouring nations. As European countries

Cultural Identity Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Identity Interview - Essay Example Peter says that Bulgarians are the Caucasian type, almost all of them are ethnic Bulgarians, but also there are minority groups like Turks and Roma populations. According to Peter, many Southern regions in Bulgaria are heavily populated by people who have Turkish ethnicity, in some villages even only Turkish is spoken. A double check with the Wikipedia (2006) shows that Turks amount to 9.4% of the population. The other Bulgarian minority are Gypsies. Peter shares that Gypsies in general are the poorest among all Bulgarians and are not at all integrated in the dominant Bulgarian culture. - Languages Peter’s native language is Bulgarian, and this is the only official language, although there are other languages minorities speak, like Turkish, Roman, or Macedonian. The Bulgarian language belongs to the group of Slavic languages (Wikipedia, 2006). In the United States Peter speaks English, especially at work. He has little accent and in my opinion he has no difficulties in communication in English. Still, he says, â€Å"In the US there are many other languages that can be of use for you. I would say that US is a bilingual country, because Spanish language is also very popular, even sometimes is it widely spoken†. He uses Bulgarian every day at home or when talking to his friends via the Internet. He adds that he is also trying to improve his Spanish, and Russian, because both languages are useful for him at his work as a guard at a local mall. Peter has learnt English and Spanish at his secondary school. This partially explains why he knows Russian and is eager to improve his speaking abilities in the language. Religion Peter is an Orthodox Christian. He says that most people in Bulgaria belong to the Orthodox Church. Further investigation into the Orthodox religion proves that the Bulgarian Orthodox Church belongs to the Eastern Orthodox Church (Wikipedia, 2006), but minority groups have other religions, like Islam, adopted mostly by the Turkish population; some Protestants and Roman Catholics (less than 1,5% together, according to Wikipedia, 2006). When talking about religion, Peter mentions that Bulgarians in general are not very religious. He says, this varies from region to region, but the communist period that ended in 1989 did not tolerate religious beliefs, partly because of the high influence the Church used to have, and because its financial strength that threatened the status quo. Today, the Southern and Western regions of the country are more religious than the Northern and Eastern regions. Also, where Turkish population is predominant, there are villages with no Christian churches, and it is a normal thing, he says, for any village to have a church. Food Peter mentions a variety of national favorite foods - foods containing various meat types, potatoes, rice and different types of vegetables. It seems bread is something Bulgarians do not miss at the table. Peter says that fruit and vegetables are much cheaper in Bulgaria, than they are in the United States, and are much tastier, having fewer conservatives. According to Peter, the Bulgarian cuisine today is heavily influenced by the Arab cuisine and is closer to

A Report About Bloods Vs Crips

A Report About Bloods Vs Crips My exam paper is about one of the biggest gang wars in the whole world: The Bloods versus The Crips. The reason I have chosen this subject is because not so many people are aware of whats going on between those two gangs. There are more gangs who are sometimes involved in this war, such as MS-13 (Florence 13) and the KKK (Ku Klux Klan), but the arguments with these groups arent half as worse as the war between the Bloods and the Crips. The MS 13 is a Mexican gang. They are the one of the most dangerous gangs in the whole world, sais the FBI. They mostly operate in Mexico, but also in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and in Nicaragua. In the US they operate in states as Texas and California. The Ku Klux Klan is a group of people who are very racial against outsiders. They mostly hate black people (à   Bloods and Cribs), because they werent happy about the decision back in the days that all black people were free. But the do not only hate black people, they also hate other people with a color, people who are anti-catholic and Jews. Sometimes these people get killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan. But as I was saying, the conflicts with these groups arent half as bas as the conflicts between the Bloods and the Cribs. Everyday people die because of these conflicts. Also everyday more and more people become members of these groups. The two groups operate especially in the West coast and in the South coast, mostly in Los Angeles and Compton. First Im going to give you some information about The Crips, than Im going to give you some information about The Bloods. The Crips TheCrips(Community Revolution In Progress) are a primarily, but not exclusively,African Americangang. They were founded inLos Angeles, Californiain 1971 by Raymond WashingtonandStanley Williams. File:Stanley Tookie Williams mugshot.jpgStanley Tookie Williams met Raymond Lee Washington in 1969, and the two decided to unite their local gang members from the west and east sides ofSouth Central Los Angelesin order to battle neighboring street gangs. Most of the members were very young.Some of them werent even 18 years old yet. The most of them were African American, but there were also Mexican people who joined there group. Stanley Tookie Williams(December 29, 1953 December 13, 2005) was born inNew Orleans,Louisiana andwas one of the two leaders of the Crips. In 1979 he was condemned of four murders that he committed during robberies and he went to prison for the rest of his life. In jail, he write many books about his live and other things, like books including anti-gang and violence literature. Tookie Williams was asked to help the police with the investigation to get the criminals of his gang, but he refused to help and was involved with many attacks on guards, tried to escape a couple, but there wasnt any evidence that he planned this. In 1993, Williams began making changes in his behavior, and became an anti-gang activist while onDeath Row inCalifornia. He renounced his gang affiliation and apologized for his role in founding the Crips. He also co-wrote childrens books and participated in efforts intended to prevent youths from joining gangs.[1]A biographical TV-movie entitledRedemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Storywas made in 2004, and featuredJamie Foxxas Williams. On December 13, 2005, Williams was executed bylethal injectionafterclemencyand a four-week stay of execution were both rejected byGovernorArnold Schwarzenegger, amidst debate over thedeath penaltyand whether Williams anti-gang advocacy in prison represented genuine atonement. Williams was the second inmate in California to be executed in 2005. The original name for the alliance was Cribs, a name that was chosen from a list with many options and chosen unanimously from three final choices, which included the Black Overlords, and the Assassins. Cribs was chosen to reflect the young age of the majority of the gang members. The name Cribs turned into the name Crips when gang members began carrying around canes to display their pimp status. People in the neighborhood then began calling them cripples, or Crips for short.ALos Angeles Sentinelarticle in February 1972 referred to some members as Crips (for cripples).[1]The name had no political, organizational, cryptic, oracronymicmeaning. Williams, in his memoir, further discounted claims that the group was a spin-off of theBlack Panther Partyor formed for a community agenda, the name depicted a fighting alliance against street gangs—nothing more, nothing less, Williams wrote.[9]Washington, who attended Fremont High School, was the leader of the East Side Crips, and William s, who attended Washington High School, led the West Side Crips. Williams recalled that a blue bandanna was first worn by Crips founding member Buddha, as a part of his color-coordinated clothing of blue Levis, a blue shirt, and dark blue suspenders. A blue bandanna was worn in memorium to Buddha after he was shot and killed on February 23, 1973, which eventually became the color of blue associated with Crips.[9] The Crips became popular throughout southernLos Angelesas more youth gangs joined; at one point they outnumbered non-Crip gangs by 3 to 1, sparking disputes with non-Crip gangs, including the L.A. Brims, Athens Park Boys, the Bishops, The Drill Company, and the Denver Lanes. By 1971 the gangs notoriety had spread across Los Angeles. Initially Crips leaders did not occupy leadership positions, but were recognized as leaders because of their personal charisma and influence. These leaders gave priority to expanding the gangs membership to increase its power. By 1978, there were 45 Crips gangs, called sets, operating inLos Angeles. The gang became increasingly violent as they attempted to expand their turf. By the early 1980s the gang was heavily involved with drug trade.[15]Some of these Crips sets began to produce and distributePCP(phencyclidine) within the city. They also began to distributemarijuanaandamphetaminein Los Angeles. In the early 1980s Crips sets began distributing crack cocaine in Los Angeles. The huge profits resulting fromcrack cocainedistribution induced many Crips members to establish new markets in other cities and states. In addition, many young men in other states adopted the Crips name and lifestyle. As a result of these two factors, Crips membership increased throughout the 1980s, making it one of the largest street gang associations in the country.[1]In 1999, there were at least 600 Crips sets with more than 30,000 members transporting drugs in theUnited States.[1] The Crips are one of the largest and most violent associations of street gangs in the United States of America. Crips has over 800 sets with 30,000 to 35,000 members and associate members, including more than 13,000 members in Los Angeles. The states with the highest estimated number of Crips sets areCalifornia,Missouri,OklahomaandTexas. Membership typically consists of young African American men, with members beingwhite,HispanicandAsian The gang is known to be involved inmurders, robberies, anddrugdealing, among many othercriminalpursuits. The gang is known for its gang members use of the colorbluein their clothing. The Crips are publicly known to have an intense and bitter rivalry with theBloodsand other little feuds with othergangs.Crips have been documented in theU.S. military, found in bases in the United States and abroad. There is a movie about the creator of the Crips, Stanley ‘Tookie Williams The Bloods The Bloods gang was formed initially to compete against the influence of theCripsinLos Angeles.[5]The origin of the Bloods and their rivalry with the Crips dates to the 1970s, where thePirusstreet gang, originally a set, or faction, of the Crips,[6][7]broke off during an internal gang war, and allied with other smaller gangs to found the gang that would eventually become known as the Bloods.[5]At the time, Crips sets outnumbered Bloods sets by three to one. To assert their power despite this difference in numbers, Bloods sets became increasingly violent, especially against rival Crips members.[1]The Pirus are therefore considered to be the original founders of the Bloods.[5]During the rise ofcrack cocaine, the gangs focus shifted to drug production. Bloods sets operate independently of each other, and are currently located in almost all States.[5]Blood sets on the East Coast are often seen as affiliated with theUnited Blood Nation, a gang which originated inRikers Island.[5] The United Blood Nation, simply called the Bloods, formed in 1993, within the New York City jail system on Rikers Islands GMDC (George Mochen Detention Center), sometimes called C 73. GMDC was used to segregate problem inmates from the rest of the detention center. Prior to this time period, the Latin Kings were the most prevalent and organized gang in the NYC jail system. TheLatin Kings, with mostlyHispanicmembers, were targeting African American inmates with violence. These African American inmates, organized by some of the more violent and charismatic inmates, formed a protection group which they called the United Blood Nation. This United Blood Nation, which was actually a prison gang, was emulating the Bloods street gangs in Los Angeles, California. Several of the leaders of this recently created prison gang formed eight original Blood sets to recruit in their neighborhoods across New York City.[8] By 1996, thousands of members of the Blood street gang were establishing themselves as a formidable force among gangs and continued a steady drive for recruitment. At this time, the Bloods were more violent than other gangs but much less organized. Numerous slashings (razor blade or knife attacks) were reported during robberies and discovered to be initiations into the Bloods. This Blood in ritual became the trademark for the Bloods. Bloods recruited throughout the East Coast.[9] Membership Bloods refers to a loosely structured association of smaller street gangs, known as â€Å"sets,† which has adopted a common gang culture. Each set has its own leader and generally operates independently from the others. Most Bloods members are African American males, although some sets have recruited female members as well as members from other races and ethnic backgrounds. Members range in age from early teens to mid-twenties, however some hold leadership positions into their late twenties and occasionally thirties. There is no known national leader of the Bloods but individual Bloods sets have a hierarchical leadership structure with identifiable levels of membership. These levels of membership indicate status within a gang. A leader, typically an older member with a more extensive criminal background, runs each set. A set leader is not elected but rather asserts himself by developing and managing the gangs criminal enterprises through his reputation for violence and ruthlessness and through his personal charisma. The majority of set members are called â€Å"Soldiers,† who are typically between the ages of 16 and 22. Soldiers have a strong sense of commitment to their set and are extremely dangerous because of their willingness to use violence both to obtain the respect of gang members and to respond to any person who â€Å"disrespects† the set. â€Å"Associates† are not full members, but they identify with the gang and take part in various criminal activities. To the exten t that women belong to the gang, they are usually associate members and tend to be used by their male counterparts to carry weapons, hold drugs, or prostitute themselves to make money for their set. Recruitment is often influenced by a recruitees environment. Bloods recruit heavily among school-age youth in predominantly poor African American communities. Gang membership offers youth a sense of belonging and protection. It also offers immediate gratification to economically disadvantaged youth who view the trappings of gang life: gold jewelry, cash, expensive sports clothing.[1] Identification The Gang symbol of theBloods, as the sign reads the word blood Bloods members identify themselves through various gang indicators such as colors, clothing, symbols, tattoos, jewelry, graffiti, language, and hand signs. The Bloods gang color is red. They like to wear sports clothing, including team â€Å"Starter† jackets that show their gang color. Some of their favorite teams include the San Francisco Forty Niners, the Philadelphia Phillies, and the Chicago Bulls. They are also known to wear Dallas Cowboys clothing, whose logo contains a five-pointed star. The most commonly used Bloods symbols include the number â€Å"5,† the five pointed star, and the five pointed crown. These symbols are meant to show the Bloods affiliation with the People Nation, a large coalition of affiliates created to protect alliance members within the federal and state prison systems. These symbols may be seen in the tattoos, jewelry, and clothing that gang members wear as well as in gang graffiti, which is used by the Bloods to mark their territory. Many graffiti include gang name, nicknames, declaration of loyalty, threats against rival gangs, or a description of criminal acts in which the gang has been involved. Bloods graffiti might also include the word â€Å"Piru† which refers to the fact that the first known Bloods gang was formed by individuals from Piru Street inCompton, California. Finally, Bloods graffiti might include rival gang symbols (particularly those of the Crips) that are drawn upside down. This is meant as an insult to the rival group and its symbols. Bloods members also have a unique slang. Bloods greet each other using the word â€Å"Blood† and often avoid using words with the letter â€Å"C.† Finally, Bloods use hand signs to communicate with one another. Hand signs may be a singular movement, like the American Sign Language letter â€Å"B,† or a series of movements using one or both hands for more complex phrases. United Blood Nation (UBN) or East Coast Bloods initiates often receive a dog-paw mark, represented by three dots often burned with a cigarette, on their right shoulder. Other UBN symbols include a bulldog and a bull.[1] Alliances and rivals Bloods consider themselves allies with members of thePeople Nationand rivals of all gangs associated with the Folk Nation gang alliance. These alliances were established in the 1980s to protect alliance members within the federal and state prison systems. The People Nation alliance includes Black Peace Stones, Cobra Stones, Insane Popes, Gaylords, Future Stones, Insane Unknown, King Cobras, Latin Counts, Latin Dragons,Latin Kings, Latin Pachucos, Latin Saints, Spanish Lords, and Vice Lord Nation. TheFolk Nationalliance members (and thus, Bloods rivals) include the Bloods biggest rival, theCrips, as well as many other gangs, including theGangster Disciples, the Black Disciples, and the Black Gangsters. In some instances, Bloods and UBN sets will associate with traditional rival gangs, such as the Crips or the Latin Kings, when such associations benefit the criminal enterprises of both gangs.[1] In Los Angeles and other urban areas in the United States, the formation of street gangs increased at an alarming pace throughout the 1980s and 1990s.The Bloods and the Crips, the most well-known gangs of Los Angeles, are predominately African American[1]and they have steadily increased in number since their beginnings in 1969.In addition, there areapproximately600 Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles County with a growing Asian gang population numbering approximately 20,000 members. Surprisingly, little has been written about the historical background of black gangs in Los Angeles (LA).Literature and firsthand interviews with Los Angeles residents seem to point to three significant periods relevant to the development of the contemporary black gangs.The first period, which followed WWII and significant black migrations from the South, is when the first major black clubs formed.After the Watts rebellion of 1965, the second period gave way to the civil rights period of Los Angeles where blacks, including those who where former club members who became politically active for the remainder of the 1960s.By the early 1970s black street gangs began to reemerge.By 1972, the Crips were firmly established and the Bloods were beginning to organize.This period saw the rise of LAs newest gangs, which continued to grow during the 1970s, and later formed in several other cities throughout the United States by the 1990s.While black gangs do not make up the largest or most active gang population in Los Angeles today, their influence on street gang culture nationally has been profound. In order to better understand the rise of these groups, I went into the original neighborhoods to document the history which led to these groups.There are 88 incorporated cities and dozens of other unincorporated places in Los Angeles County (LAC). In the process of conducting this research, I visited all of these places in an attempt to not just identify gangs active in Los Angeles, but to determine their territories. Through several weeks of field work and research conducted in 1996, I identified 274 black gangs in 17 cities and four unincorporated areas in LAC. Post WWIIto 1965 The first major period of black gangs in Los Angeles began in the late 1940s and ended in 1965.There were black gangs in Los Angeles prior to this period, but they were small in numbers; little is known about the activity of these groups.Some of the black groups that existed in Los Angeles in the late 1920s and 1930s werethe Boozies, Goodlows, Blogettes, Kelleys, and theDriver Brothers.Most of these groups were family oriented, and they referred to themselves as clubs.[2]Max Bond (1936:270) wrote briefly about a black gang of 15-year-old kids from the Central Avenue area that mostly stole automobile accessories and bicycles.It was not until the late 1940s that the first major black clubs surfaced on the East side[3]of Los Angeles near Jefferson High School in the Central Avenue area.This was the original settlement area of blacks in Los Angeles.South of 92ndStreet in Watts and in the Jefferson Park/West Adams area on the West side, there were significant black populations.By 1960 sev eral black clubs were operating on the West side[4]of Los Angeles, an area that had previously restricted black residents during the 1940s. Several of the first black clubs to emerge in the late 1940s and early 1950s formed initially as a defensive reaction to combat much of the white violence that had been plaguing the black community for several years.In the surrounding communities of the original black ghetto of Central Avenue and Watts, and in the cities of Huntington Park and South Gate, white Angelenos were developing a dissatisfaction for the growing black population that was migrating from the South during WWII.During the 1940s, resentment from the white community grew as several blacks challenged the legal housing discrimination laws that prevented them from purchasing property outside the original settlement neighborhoods and integrate into the public schools.Areas outside of the original black settlement of Los Angeles were neighborhoods covered by legally enforced, racially restrictive covenants or deed restrictions.This practice, adapted by white homeowners, was established in 1922 and was designed to mainta in social and racial homogeneity of neighborhoods by denying non-whites access to property ownership. By the 1940s, such exclusionary practices made much of Los Angeles off-limits to most minorities (Bond 1936; Davis 1990:161,273; Dymski and Veitch 1996:40).This process contributed to increasing homogeneity of communities in Los Angeles, further exacerbating racial conflict between whites and blacks, as the latter existed in mostly segregated communities.From 1940 to 1944, there was over a 100 percent increase in the black population of Los Angeles, and ethnic and racial paranoia began to develop among white residents. Chronic overcrowding was taking a toll, and housing congestion became a serious problem, as blacks were forced to live in substandard housing (Collins 1980:26).From 1945-1948, black residents continually challenged restrictive covenants in several court cases in an effort to move out of the dense,overcrowdedblackcommunity.Theseattemptsresultedinviolentclashes between whites and blacks (Collins 1980:30).The Ku Klux Klan resurfaced during the 1940s, 20 years after their presence faded during the late 1920s (Adler 1977; Collins 1980), and white youths were forming street clubs to battle integration of the community and schools of black residents. In Huntington Park, Bell, and South Gate, towns that were predominately white, teenagers formed some of the early street clubs during the 1940s. One of the most infamous clubs of that time was theSpook Hunters, a group of white teenagers that often attacked black youths. If blacks were seen outside of the black settlement area, which was roughly bounded by Slauson to the South, Alameda Avenue to the east, and Main[5]Street to the west, they were often attacked. The name of this club emphasized their racist attitude towards blacks, as â€Å"Spook† is a derogatory term used to identify blacks and â€Å"Hunters† highlighted their desire to attack blacks as their method of fighting integration and promoting residential segregation. Their animosity towards blacks was publicly known; the back of their club jackets displayed an animated black face with exaggerated facial features and a noose hanging around the neck. TheSpookHunterswould often cross Alameda traveling west to vi olently attack black youths from the area.In Thrashers study of Chicago gangs, he observed a similar white gang in Chicago during the 1920s, theDirty Dozens,who often attacked black youths with knives, blackjacks, and revolvers because of racial differences (Thrasher 1963:37).Raymond Wright was one of the founders of a black club called theBusinessmen,a large East side club based at South Park between Slauson Avenue and Vernon Avenue.He stated that â€Å"you couldnt pass Alameda, because those white boys in South Gate would set you on fire,†[6]and fear of attack among black youths was not, surprisingly, common. In 1941, white students at Fremont High School threatened blacks by burning them in effigy and displaying posters saying, â€Å"we want no niggers at this school† (Bunch 1990: 118).There were racial confrontations at Manual Arts High School on Vermont and 42ndStreet, and at Adams High School during the 1940s (Davis 1990:293).In 1943, conflicts between blacks and whites occurred at 5thand San Pedro Streets, resulting in a riot on Central Avenue (Bunch 1990:118).white clubs in Inglewood, Gardena, and on the West side engaged in similar acts, but theSpook Hunterswere the most violent of all white clubs in Los Angeles. The black youths in Aliso Village, a housing project in East Los Angeles, started a club called theDevil Huntersin response to theSpook Huntersand other white clubs that were engaging in violent confrontations with blacks.The term Devil reflected how blacks viewed racist whites and Ku Klux Klan members.TheDevil Huntersand other black residents fought back against white violence with their own form of violence.In 1944, nearly 100 frustrated black youths, who were denied jobs on the citys streetcar system, attacked a passing streetcar and assaulted several white passengers (Collins 1980: 29).During the late 1940s and early 1950s, other neighborhood clubs emerged to fight the white establishment.Members of theBusinessmenand other black clubs had several encounters with theSpook Huntersand other white clubs of the time. In Watts, several of the clubs were organized geographically by the housing projects in the area.The projects were built for war workers in the 1940s and were intended to be interracial.The first public housing project of Watts was the Hacienda Village: single-story units, built in 1942.In May 1944, the Imperial Courts (498 units) was built, and in September, Jordan Downs (700 units) was completed.In 1955, the most massive of all public housing projects was completed and named the Nickerson Gardens (1,100 units) (Bullock 1969:14-15).By the end of the 1950s, over one-third of the population of Watts lived in public housing (Bullock 1969:16). Clubs like theHunsand theFarmerswere active in the Watts housing projects. Several of these groups fought against the established white clubs for several years.As black clubs began to negotiate strategies to combat white intimidation and violence, the effectiveness of whites to fight against integration and residential segregation began to fail. Eventually white flight occurred, as white residents began to move into the growing suburban areas that flourished in the 1950s, leaving the city areas of South Los Angeles behind. This left the central city of Los Angeles as a primarily black enclave, with blacks accounting for 71 percent of the inner-city population (Brunn et al. 1993: 53). By 1960, the three separate communities of Watts, Central Ave, and West Adams had amalgamated into one continuous black settlement area where low, middle, and upper class black neighborhoods were adjoined into a single community. During the 1960s, conflicts among the black clubs were growing and, as more white residents continued to move and the white clubs began to fade, the black clubs moved from interracial violence to intraracial violence.TheGladiators, based at 54thStreet and Vermont Avenue, were the largest black club on the West side, and clashes between other black gangs were increasing as intra-racial violence between black club members was on the rise. By 1960 several clubs emerged onthe West side and rivalrybetween East side and West side clubs developed, along with infighting among clubs organized on the same side of town (Figure 4.1).TheBusinessmen(an East side club)hadarivalrywithboththeSlausons(an East side club) and the Gladiators (a West side club).Even though more than 50 percent of the gangs active in Los Angeles were Hispanic, black gangs represented a significant proportion of gang incidents that were rapidly increasing in numbers (Study of Delinquent Gangs1962: 1).During this time, dispu tes among these were handled by hand-to-hand combat and by the use of weapons, such as tire irons and knives, but murders were rare.In 1960, the six gang-related murders that occurred in Los Angeles were considered an extremely high number.At that point, black-on-black violence between the clubs was becoming a serious concern in Los Angeles.On the surface, the rivalry between East side and West side clubs was associated with altercations on the football field, disputes over girlfriends, and disagreements at parties, but most of their clashes were rooted in socioeconomic differences between the two.East side youths resented the upwardly mobile West side youths, because East side residents were viewed as economically inferior to those residents who lived on the West side.On the other hand, West side youths were considered less intimidating and lacking the skills to be street savvy and tough.In an effort to prove themselves equally tough, West side youths engaged in several confrontati ons with East side youths during the early 1960s. Several of these clubs fought against each other during this period, but in 1965 after the Watts Rebellion and under the leadership of several socially conscious organizations, most of the rivalry was eradicated. Young black youths moved towards being more politically aware and having greater concern for the social problems that plagued their community. Alprentice â€Å"Bunchy† Carter, a member of theSlausons, was successful in transforming several black youths of South Los Angeles into revolutionary soldiers against police brutality (Hilliard Cole 1993:218), and several other organizations were also contributing to the change. The Watts Riots of 1965 were considered â€Å"the Last Great Rumble,† as members of these groups dismissed old rivalries and supported each other against the despised Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) (Baker 1988:28; Davis 1990: 297). Paul Bullock wrote that a result of the riot activity in Watts was a movement to build organizations and inst itutions which were led by and entirely responsible to the [black] community (1969:69). Social-Political Period, 1965-1970 In the aftermath of the rebellion, young people, namely former club members from the community, began to build political institutions to contest social injustices, specifically police brutality, which sparked the 1965 Watts Riots.Following the Watts Riots, and throughout the rest of the 1960s, black groups were organizing and becoming politically radical. For nearly five years, beginning in 1965, there were almost no active black street gangs in Los Angeles. Several reports that black gang activity was on the decline began to circulate (Klein 1971: 22).According to Sergeant Warren Johnson, â€Å"during the mid and late 1960s, juvenile gang activity in black neighborhoods was scarcely visible to the public at large and of minimal concern to south-central residents† (Cohen 1972).It was the formation of these new movements that offered black youths a vehicle of positive identification and self-affirmation that occupied the time and energies that might have been spent in gang activity.A sense of cohesiveness began to form, along with self-worth and positive identification, as pride pervaded the black community (Los Angeles Times3/19/72). After the Rebellion in 1965, club members began to organize neighborhood political groups to monitor the LAPD and to document their treatment towards blacks. Ron Wilkins (ex-member of theSlausons), created theCommunity Action Patrol (CAP)to monitor police abuses (Davis 1990:297), and William Sampson (ex-member of theSlausons), along with Gerald Aubry (ex-member of theOrientals), started theSons of Watts,whose key function was to â€Å"police the police† (Obtola 1972:7). TheBstarted a chapter in Los Angeles shortly after Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale started the Party in Oakland, California, in 1966. The BPP in Los Angeles also organized both theblackon several high schools campuses in Los Angeles and theblack, a meeting place for black residents concerning community issues on Florence and Broadway in 1967. Ron Maulana Karenga organized a nationalistic group calledUS Organization,and Tommy Jacquette organized theSelf Leadership for All Nationalities Today (SLANT)in October of 19 66 (Bullock 1969:67; Tyler 1982: 222). After splitting away from the US Organization, Hakim Jamal started theMalcolm X Foundationin 1968, and Robaire Nyjuky founded theMarxist Leninist Maoist (MLM)which had an office on 78thStreet and San Pedro (Tyler 1983:237).Student Non-ViolentCoordinating Committee (SNCC), a national organization of black nationalists visited Los Angeles and opened an office on Central Avenue in 1967. Also during this period, Ron Karenga createdKwanza,a non-religious holiday that celebrates African heritage. All these groups were formed in the wake of the 1965 rebellion to provide political support to the civil rights movement that was gaining strength within the black community of Los Angeles.There were several other black nationalist groups in Los Angeles, but the Panthers and US Organization were considered to have the largest following and the most political influence in the black community of Los Angeles following the Watts Rebellion. The BPP heavily recruited members from theSlausons, an East side club, while the US Organization had a large a following from the West side clubs, including theGladiators,but members of both political groups came from a variety of different clubs from all over Los Angeles._____________Carter was elected president of the Los Angeles Chapter of the black Panther Party (BPP), whose

Are Curfews Fair to Juveniles Essay

Cities across the United States have imposed curfews on juveniles for many years. Teen curfew laws restrict the hours that juveniles may be on the streets or in public places at night (Sutphen and Ford). Some people consider curfews infringing on people’s constitutional rights. Curfews are hard to implement by law enforcement, and, in fact, take law enforcement away from more serious crimes. More crimes occur during daytime hours and more children are victimized in their homes than on the streets. Although curfews are made to protect our juveniles and to deter crime by juveniles, does imposing these curfews violate the juvenile’s civil rights and target the true underlying problems involved in enforcing these issues? People have a right to personal freedoms, including juveniles, but curfews take away some personal freedoms of juveniles. A 16-year-old en route to a fast-food restaurant is stopped and questioned five times, by five different police officers (Davidson). Even though this teen had no intension of any mischief, he or she was stopped five times. When a juvenile transitions from a child to an adult they are required to take on more responsibilities, curfews limit them as they make the transition into adulthood. This hinders the juvenile from making adult decisions. Youth curfews use the idea of childhood based on innocence/ignorance, passivity and dependence, in order to prevent young people from crossing the boundary into adulthood before society deems them ready (O’Neil). Most parents want the freedom to choose how to raise their children and what values they want to instill in their children. If the state leaves guidance in the hands of the parents, they can monitor their child’s development and gradually increase her liberty and responsibility by allowing her to experience new situations and to make choices as she develops into an adult (Assessing the Scope if Minors’ Fundamental Rights: Juvenile Curfews and the Constitution). Curfews stifle the personal freedoms of juveniles. The enforcement of curfews presents even more reasons to abolish curfews. It is hard for law enforcement to enforce curfews and curfew violations are not taken seriously. Juvenile curfews will not stop young people who are intent on committing crime, in part, because the penalties for a curfew violation are not that serious (O’Neil). There are also limited police officers to help with the enforcement of curfews. Because of the curfews, it takes the police away from more serious crime that are happening in cities across the United States. The enforcement of juvenile curfews is hard to put into effect, and there are limited police officers to enforce these curfews, which are often not even taken seriously. Crimes by juveniles occur more often during the day than at night. When either both parents work, or there is a single parent household, juveniles must come home from school alone. Since juveniles are left unsupervised, they sometimes commit crimes and these crimes usually occur during the day. Those opposed to curfews replied that most juvenile crimes occurred in daylight hours, that most children were not criminals, and that many legitimate nocturnal activities were being suppressed (Juvenile Curfews and the Major Confusion Over Minor Rights). Since most juvenile crimes occur during the day, why should a curfew be imposed on juveniles? One of the main reasons juvenile curfews were imposed, was to protect the juveniles from the dangers that could occur during the late hours of the night. Although many feel curfews protect juveniles from these dangers, many times that is not the case. Many juveniles are victimized in their own homes. Critics argue that because many juvenile crimes occur during the day and most juvenile victimization occurs at home, nighttime curfews fail to target the worst problems (Juvenile Curfews and the Major Confusion Over Minor Rights). Although juvenile curfews were put in place to protect children, the streets are not always the places where children are victimized. Most large cities in the United States impose juvenile curfews. Juveniles have rights to the personal freedoms their parents allow and the government needs to let the parents raise their children without interference. Because most juvenile crimes are committed during the day, and since curfews restrict night time activities, we should abolish these curfews. Curfews also take law enforcement officers away from more serious crimes. Curfews were made to protect juveniles and to deter juvenile crime, but since most juveniles are victimized at home and most juvenile crimes are committed during the day, curfews are ineffective and should be abolished.

Healthy Minds Student Diet and Health Concerns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4474 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Healthy Minds: Student Diet and Health Concerns Introduction The obesity epidemic observed in the UK and other Western nations over the past two decades has increased the focus on eating habits of the nation (James, 2008, p. S120). Obesity, most often caused by prolonged poor diet, is associated with an increased risk of several serious chronic illnesses, including diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, as well as possibly being associated with increased risk of mental health issues including depression (Wyatt et al., 2006, p. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Healthy Minds: Student Diet and Health Concerns" essay for you Create order 166). In an attempt to promote better health of the population and reduce the burden of obesity and related health conditions on the NHS, the recent government white paper Healthy Lives, Healthy People (HM Government, 2010, p. 19) has identified improvements in diet and lifestyle as a priority in public health policy. The design of effective interventions for dietary behaviour change may rely on having a thorough understanding of the factors determining individual behaviour. Although there has been a great deal of research published on eating habits of adults and school children (e.g. Raulio et al., 2010, p. 987) there has been much less investigation of the university student subpopulation, particularly within the UK. This may be important given that the dietary choices of general populations vary markedly across different countries and cultures, including within the student population (Yahia et al., 2008, p. 32; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 73). This essay presents a discussion of t he current research available on the eating habits of UK undergraduate students, including recent work being undertaken at Coventry University (Arnot, 2010, online). The essay then describes a small study conducted to supplement this research, using data collected from six students at a different university, exploring the influences which underpin the decisions made by students relating to their diet. The results of this study are presented and used to derive a set of recommendations for both a localized intervention and a national plan, targeted at university students, to improve dietary behaviour. Eating Habits of University Students It is widely accepted that students leaving home to attend university are likely to experience a significant shift in their lifestyle, including their diet, and this is supported by research evidence from the UK and other European countries (Papadaki et al., 2007, p. 169). This may encompass increased alcohol intake, reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, and increased intake of processed or fatty foods, as well as impacting on overall eating patterns (Arnot, 2010, online; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 73; Spanos Hankey, 2010, p. 102). Results of a study including 80 undergraduate students from Scotland found that around a quarter of participants never consumed breakfast (Spanos Hankey, 2010, p. 102). Skipping breakfast habitually has been shown to be associated with increased risk of obesity and overweight amongst adolescents (Croezen et al., 2009, p. 405). The precise reasons for this are not entirely clear, although it could be due to increased snacking, on energy-dense, high-fat foods later in the day. This is based on the remainder of the results reported by Spanos and Hankey (2010, p. 102) which showed that three-quarters of students regularly used vending machines, snacking on chocolate bars and crisps; this was also shown to be significantly associated with body mass index (BMI). Some studies have suggested that there may be different patterns of unhealthy eating amongst male and female groups of students. For example research conducted by Dr. Ricardo Costa and Dr. Farzad Amirabdollahian at Coventry University found that male students may be at risk of what they term â€Å"disordered eating patterns†. In addition, the study also suggests that males are at greater risk of not eating five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. This research is based on a substantial sample size, using data derived from in-depth interviews with approximately 130 undergraduates, although there are plans to increase this to include nearly 400 participants. It is acknowledged by the researchers that this may represent only those events occurring at one university, although there are also plans to expand the study sample across another two universities in the future (Arnot, 2010, online). However, not all studies published support the existence of gender differences in eating behaviours. For example, research into risk factors for an unhealthy lifestyle reported by Dodd et al. (2010, p. 75) found that there were no differences in gender when measuring rates of eating five portions of fruit or vegetables per day. Factors in Dietary Change It is unsurprising that students dietary habits change when leaving home to attend university, since it has been identified that life transitions form a major factor in influencing eating habits (Lake et al., 2009, p. 1200). Studies have suggested that the dietary shift is most likely due to young adults leaving the family home and assuming responsibility for meal planning and preparation for the first time. This is supported by observations that university students who remain living at the family home may maintain a relatively healthier lifestyle than those moving out of home (Papadaki et al., 2007, p. 169). Early results from a Coventry University study also support this as a major factor, as it has been identified that cooking skills may be very limited amongst undergraduates, with the exception of mature students (Arnot, 2010, online). Early results from Coventry University suggest that there is little evidence within their sample of any significant differences in eating habit s between students from different social backgrounds (Arnot, 2010, online). Arnot (2010, online) identifies that any trends in eating habits within the undergraduate population may reflect a phase, which the individuals may grow out of naturally. Lake et al. (2009, p. 1200) also suggest that changes in eating habits may simply be due to the life transition associated with the general maturation process, moving from adolescence to adulthood. This would then suggest that eating habit changes may be consistent across all groups of young adults, not differentiated within the undergraduate population. However, it is possible that the relationship between other factors such as stress may make the situation more complex, with university students possibly experiencing higher stress levels, therefore at increased risk of weight gain associated with diet change (Serlachius et al., 2007, p. 548). Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Eating A systematic review of studies by Shepherd et al. (2005, p. 239) found that the major barriers to healthy eating included access to healthy foods, relative prices and personal preference, for example liking fast foods. This study also identified a lack of provision of healthy school meals as a major barrier, reflecting the fact that this review focused on exploring healthy eating in secondary school children, aged 11 to 16 years. It is therefore different barriers are most important in the university student population, as this group take a greater level of responsibility for their own food choices. For example, evidence from the Coventry University study suggests that while undergraduate males were influenced by media images and were motivated to look good, this did not necessarily translate to improved healthy food choices. Instead, this appears to be associated with an increased risk of disordered eating within this group, alongside increased use of supplements such as protei n powders, creatine and amino acids. This approach also led to increased intake of protein-rich foods but very little fruit and vegetable intake. It would be anticipated that factors such as availability and cost may still be important factors in this group. The systematic review by Shepherd (2005, p. 239) suggested that support from family and friends, high levels of availability of healthy foods, an interest and desire to maintain appearance, and will-power were all major facilitators of eating healthily. Again, it is possible that different factors may be considered important within the university student population, who are older and have greater responsibility for their eating habits. Methodology The short review of the literature presented thus far in the essay demonstrates that there is still only a limited understanding of the underlying factors influencing eating habits in undergraduate students. Yet this is the information which is required if effective behavioural change interventions are to be designed and disseminated. Research Aims The aim of this small study was to investigate the decision-making processes which underlie the decisions of undergraduate students with regards to eating behaviours, including influences over these decisions. This could then be used alongside other published material to design a social marketing strategy on both a local and national level to improve healthy eating within this group. Study Sample A total of six undergraduate students from Manchester University were recruited to participate in the research. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants to the study sample. Posters were displayed within the business school at the university, requesting participants to attend research focus groups. Eight participants contacted the researcher, but two subsequently withdrew, leaving a sample of four female and two male students. No further inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied to participants, other than that they were current undergraduate students at the university. This method of sampling may not provide a truly representative sample, therefore it may be difficult to generalize the results to the wider population of interest (Babbie, 2010, p. 192). However, this was the most appropriate recruitment approach given the limited time and budget constraints for the project. The diversity of the study sample would also suggest that there was little bias introduced. Focus Group Methods Focus groups were selected for data collection from study participants. Focus groups may be particularly useful for gaining an understanding of topics with a group behaviour element, but have also been shown to be very useful in the field of marketing for understanding the impact of marketing stimuli. They were considered to be of particular use in this instance as they allow integrated exploration of associations between lifestyle factors and reactions to marketing materials (Stewart et al., 2007, pp. 2-9). The focus group was arranged for a two-hour session on one morning, and was moderated by the author. The entire session was video recorded so as to allow for further analysis of responses and behavioural cues at a later date. All participants were given assurance that their responses would remain anonymous and confidential and permission was sought to record the session before it began. Participants were also given information at the beginning of the session as to the purpos e of the data collection, and were given opportunity to ask any questions, before being asked to provide consent for participation (Litosseliti, 2003, pp. 70-71). The focus group began with some short introductory questions to break the ice between participants (Litosseliti, 2003, p. 73), before moving on to focus on the topic of interest: eating behaviours and potential influences. The questions included in the moderator guide, which was prepared to facilitate the focus group, are included in Box 1. Box 1: Focus group questions Tell me a little about what you would eat in a typical day. Do you find that you eat regular meals? What types of foods do you most like to eat? Would you say that you eat many snacks? What type of snacks do you eat? Is there anything you can think of that affects this – for example, do you eat differently on different days of the week? How would you describe your cooking abilities – do you find it easy to plan meals and cook and prepare food? How does the way you eat now compare to how you used to eat before coming to university? Do you find that you eat differently when you go home for the weekend or for holidays? Would you say that you have any concerns about the way in which you eat? How do you think that the way in which you eat affects your health? Are you at all concerned about whether the way you eat affects how you look? What type of things affect whether you choose healthy foods over non-healthy foods? Do you find it difficult to find/purchase healthy food? Would cost have any impact on whether the food you buy is healthy? Study Results Overall, the results of the focus group suggested that the students in the sample had experienced a significant change in eating habits since leaving home to attend university. Although the daily eating patterns of participants differed significantly, all felt that they ate a less healthy diet since leaving home. The main difference noted was that regular meals were eaten less often, with several participants reporting that they skipped breakfast regularly, and that other meals were eaten based on convenience rather than at a regular time each day. Most participants agreed that their eating patterns did differ on a daily basis. In particular, weekends were noted to follow more regular eating patterns, but often involve higher levels of alcohol and unhealthy foods such as takeaways. Participants also generally agreed that they returned to a healthier way of eating when returning home for the weekend or for holidays. The actual components of diet varied widely across participan ts. While some participants reported that they regularly ate five portions of fruit and vegetables per day, others indicated that they ate only low levels. Four participants agreed that they ate convenience foods and takeaways on a regular basis, and it was acknowledged that these were usually calorie-dense, high fat foods. All participants also agreed that they ate snacks on a regular basis, particularly where it was inconvenient to eat meals at regular intervals, and where breakfast was skipped. One participant reported that they felt that their snacking was healthy, however, as they usually snacked on fruit, nuts or seeds rather than chocolate bars or crisps. Given the small sample size and selection procedures, it was difficult to determine whether differences could be attributed to characteristics of the participants, for example gender (Babbie, 2010, p. 192). There were a number of factors which influenced food choices which emerged from the focus group. The major factor appeared to be convenience. The patterns of meals which were eaten were largely driven by having the time to prepare and food, or having access to healthy foods which could be purchased and eaten within the university campus. Participants also agreed that cost played a major factor. Only two participants agreed that their low level of cooking ability had any role in how healthy their diet was. The other participants claimed that while they could cook, convenience, cost and motivation were major barriers to doing so. Food preferences were also a major factor in determining food choices, with all except one participant agreeing that they enjoyed fast food and several reporting that they preferred unhealthy foods to healthy ones. In spite of this, three participants reported that they did try to limit how often they ate fast foods, as it was acknowledged that it was bad for their health to eat them regularly. In spite of this, the food choices of participants did not appear t o be driven overall by concern over their health. Participants suggested that while they were aware of how their diet could impact on their health, other factors were more important influences. Similarly, only one participant agreed that maintaining the way that they looked played any role in influencing their dietary choices. Social Marketing Strategy Design Social marketing, first proposed as a public health tool in the 1970s, refers to the application of marketing techniques, using communication and delivery to encourage behaviour change. Such a strategy follows a sequential planning process which includes market research and analysis, segmentation, setting of objectives, and identifying appropriate strategies and tools to meet these objectives (DH, 2008, online). The literature review and focus group discussed thus far comprise the market research and analysis components of this process, with the remaining steps addressed below. Market Segmentation Market segmentation may be performed according to geographic distinctions, demographics or psychographic characteristics (Health Canada, 2004, online). Based on the limited amount of information which is available so far, it would be difficult to segment the market geographically, as it is unclear whether differences exist according to which university is attended. The demographics of undergraduate students may also be largely shared, with literature indicating that social background may hold little influence over eating habits within this subpopulation, and only limited evidence of any difference between genders (Arnot, 2010, online; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 75). Instead, it may be preferential to segment on the basis of psychographic characteristics, according to shared knowledge, attitudes and beliefs with regard to changing dietary behaviour. The â€Å"Stages of Change† model proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente may be a useful tool to guide this segmentation, in whi ch any change in behaviour is suggested to occur in six steps: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, pp. 13-6). Those in the precontemplative stage do not see their behaviour as a problem (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, p. 14), therefore targeting this segment could be targeted with a marketing campaign to increase knowledge. Evidence from the US would appear to indicate that higher levels of knowledge regarding dietary guidelines may be associated with better dietary choices, although there is little evidence which shows direct causality (Kolodinsky et al., 2007, p. 1409). Given the many different factors which appear to contribute to unhealthy diets amongst students, simply increasing knowledge may be insufficient to generate any significant improvements. This is further supported by current healthy eating initiatives aimed at the general population, such as the 5 A Day campaign, which incorporates additional, prac tical information, rather than simply educating people on the need to eat more fresh food (NHS Choices, 2010, online). Those in the contemplative stage are aware that they need to change, but dont really want to. It would be unlikely that targeting a marketing campaign at this group would have any significant effect (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, p. 15). Once individuals reach the action stage, they are actively initiating or maintaining a change, until the initial issue is finally resolved in the termination stage (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, pp. 15-6). Instead, it would be better to target those in the preparation stage, who have made the decision to change but may be unclear about how to initiate this change. Here, improving knowledge, but also providing information on effective ways in which to change behaviour, may be the most appropriate strategy, as that adopted by the 5 A Day campaign. Strategy Objectives Based on the information generated from the focus study, along with that from other research, the main aim of the strategy should be to improve the overall diet of undergraduate students. There already exist campaigns such as the 5 A Day campaign which aim to encourage eating more fruit and vegetables (NHS Choices, 2010, online). The main issues within the undergraduate group instead appear to lie in choosing unhealthy foods, or skipping meals, due to convenience and cost. Therefore this is where the campaign should focus. The following objectives may therefore be identified: 1. Reduce the number of undergraduate students experiencing disordered eating patterns. 2. Improve knowledge and awareness within the undergraduate student population of tasty, cost-effective, convenient alternatives to takeaways and other junk foods. National Plan The national strategy would comprise of two main arms. The first would be an educational campaign, which would be targeted specifically at the segment described above, therefore focusing on providing practical information to assist healthy eating choices amongst students. This appears to have been moderately successful with the 5 A Day campaign within the general population (Capacci Mazzocchi, 2011, p. 87). Evidence from the US suggests that within the undergraduate population specifically, providing information which is directly relevant to their lifestyle may also be effective (Pires et al., 2008, p. 16). This campaign would be run through national media, as the evidence suggests that such campaigns are associated not only with increased knowledge, but also moderate levels of behaviour change (Noar, 2006, p. 21). Online and social media campaigns may also be effective based on previous case studies. For example, the Kirklees Up For It project found that running a campaign whi ch utilized Facebook alongside its own Website was a successful way of reaching a moderate audience of 18 to 24 year olds (NSMC, 2010, online). Therefore social media such as Twitter and Facebook would provide a simple means of providing weekly tips to students on how to create easy, cheap healthy meals. Tips could also be given on how to choose healthier snacks which cost less, for example by preparing them at home. By tailoring the advice to the motives of the group, which appear to be related to convenience and cost, previous research would suggest that this should be more effective in changing snacking behaviour (Adriaanse et al., 2009, p. 60). The second arm of the national campaign would involve lobbying of the government to introduce regulation on the food choices offered by university campuses, particularly where food is provided as part of an accommodation package. This is based on similar recent moves to improve school meals, which has been suggested to be an effecti ve means of improving diet, even if obesity levels have not yet seen any impact (Jaime Lock, 2009, p. 45). It is also consistent with the data collected in this study, which suggested that access to healthy foods and convenience were major barriers to healthy eating for students. Localised Intervention In addition to the national strategy, a local project aimed at providing food preparation workshops would also be piloted in Manchester. This concept is based on the observation that students mostly select unhealthy choices due to convenience and cost, and may not be aware of ways in which healthy food may also be prepared quickly and cheaply. Previous case studies have shown that these practical activities may be an effective means of reaching this target audience. For example a healthy living project called Up For It, run by Kirklees Council in association with NHS Kirklees, found on surveying young adults aged between 16 and 24 years that interventions which were fun and social were preferred to those which focus too much on health (NSMC, 2010, online). Provision of one-off sessions which provide information on where to eat healthily on campus have also shown some success within the undergraduate population in the US (Pires et al., 2008, p. 12). Based on the budget for the Up For It project, it would be anticipated that approximately  £100 000 would be required to set up and run this local section of the strategy (NSMC, 2010, online). It would be assumed that lobbying and media coverage required as part of the national strategy would be managed by the Department of Health. Conclusions It is clear that there is some truth to the assumption that undergraduate students in the UK live on a relatively unhealthy diet. While the reasons for this may be somewhat complex, convenience and cost appear to play a major role in the diet decisions which are made by this group. It is also clear that many are aware of the health impact which their diet is likely to have, although this is overridden by other factors. 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